When do mitochondria replicate

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Evolutionary defined role of the mitochondrial DNA in fertility, disease and ageing. Ooplasmic and nuclear transfer to prevent mitochondrial DNA disorders: conceptual and normative issues. PGD and heteroplasmic mitochondrial DNA point mutations: a systematic review estimating the chance of healthy offspring.

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Ferreira et al. Most of the heteroplasmic clones exhibited low levels of heteroplasmy 0. Burgstaller et al. Takeda et al. Lloyd et al. St John et al. Theoret et al. Han et al.

Jiang et al. Heteroplasmy in brain, kidney, liver and tail of all but one animal. Inoue et al. Hiendleder et al. Do et al. Steinborn et al. Reconstructed oocytes, blastomeres and whole morula, blastocysts and fetal and offspring tissues.

A signal sequence at the tip of a protein blue recognizes a receptor protein pink on the outer mitochondrial membrane and sticks to it.

Logically, mitochondria multiply when a the energy needs of a cell increase. Therefore, power-hungry cells have more mitochondria than cells with lower energy needs. For example, repeatedly stimulating a muscle cell will spur the production of more mitochondria in that cell, to keep up with energy demand. Mitochondria, the so-called "powerhouses" of cells, are unusual organelles in that they are surrounded by a double membrane and retain their own small genome.

They also divide independently of the cell cycle by simple fission. Mitochondrial division is stimulated by energy demand, so cells with an increased need for energy contain greater numbers of these organelles than cells with lower energy needs.

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